Arquivo da Categoria: Joalharia

Os primeiros brincos e mola de brinco do curso de joalharia – My first post earrings and earnuts at jewellery class

Acabei ontem os brincos que tenho andado a fazer na aula de joalharia. É a minha primeira peça do curso. Parecem terrivelmente simples mas passaram por uma série de etapas que a maioria das pessoas nem deve imaginar que são necessárias para chegar a uma peça destas. Resolvi documentar o processo que agora apresento aqui.

Projecto

O primeiro passo é, obviamente, fazer o projecto. Fiz diversos esboços até chegar a uma peça que cumpria os requisitos do exercàcio (aprender a serrar e limar) e com um aspecto que eu gostava – um losango com duas formas curvas na sua superfàcie. A minha ideia inicial era simplesmente cortar as formas na chapa de base e pronto, estava feito. O meu professor tinha outras ideias. Nada de facilitar demasiado porque assim não se aprende.

Desenhei cada forma em papel vegetal de arquitecto e transferi-as para a chapa de prata de 0,5mm usando papel quàmico. Depois risquei por cima do desenho com uma agulha presa a um punho de latão (na foto do lado). Riscar a chapa desta forma evita que o desenho desapareça a meio do processo.

Serrar

Com todas as peças marcadas na chapa, chegou a vez de serrar com uma serra de joalheiro.

Até aqui tinha serrado principalmente argolas e chapa a direito e é uma diferença enorme quando se começam a recortar peças tão pequeninas e com imensas curvas. Estas serras são muito finas e partem-se facilmente, especialmente a fazer as curvas, se se torcer a serra. Como tinha umas curvas muito apertadas, ainda parti umas quantas serras antes de lhe apanhar o jeito. Basicamente é preciso serrar no mesmo sítio enquanto se vira a serra lentamente. O movimento ter de ir abrindo um buraco largo o suficiente para a serra virar.

Para facilitar o processo, em desenhos com muitos ângulos apertados, pode-se fazer um furo nos cantos, fora da linha do desenho, para ajudar a serra a mudar de direcção. Não fiz isto porque o objectivo era aprender a usar a serra em qualquer circunstância.

Uma das ferramentas que deu imenso jeito neste processo foi o punho de madeira (na foto acima) que é uma ferramenta essencial para segurar a chapa quando trabalhamos com formas pequenas. Podemos usar um alicate paralelo mas este tem mais tendência para deixar a chapa fugir e requer pressão constante, que faz doer a mão ao fim de algum tempo.

A cunha de madeira (estilheira) serve para apoiar a chapa, oferecendo estabilidade enquanto se trabalha e permitindo manter uma postura correcta ao ter o trabalho praticamente à altura dos olhos.

Limar

Na foto de cima vemos as peças já serradas e prontas a limar. Comecei com uma lima mais grossa e depois passei para as mais finas. Utilizei três tipos de lima: redonda, triangular e de meia cana.

Por vezes, devido ao reflexo da luz na chapa, torna-se difàcil ver o risco e podemos serrar demasiado longe. Nestes casos, em vez de perder horas a limar, mais vale voltar àserra e retirar mais um bocadinho da chapa.

As chapas na foto de cima já estão limadas e prontas a formar. Arredondei-as ligeiramente na embutideira (um cubo com furos que aparece numa das fotos abaixo. Martela-se o metal até este ganhar a forma curva da “taça” cavada no cubo.

Mola de brinco

Faltavam ainda as molas para o espigão pelo que avancei para essa fase.

Desenhei a forma da mola em chapa de prata de 0,5mm de espessura, que é basicamente um circulo no centro de um rectângulo fino e comprido. O rectângulo mede 52×3,5mm e o circulo tem 7mm de diâmetro. Pode ser preciso fazer uma mola maior ou mais pequena, dependendo da escala dos brincos.

Serrar esta peça deu mais desafio do que as anteriores. As formas geométricas simples – càrculos, quadrados… – são muito mais difàceis de cortar direitinhas do que possa parecer. Se existir alguma falha os nossos olhos dão logo por isso.

Porque é uma peça que vai ser necessário repetir muitas vezes, fiz um molde em cobre que usei depois para riscar as duas peças de prata. É preciso ter atenção ao facto das cópias ficarem sempre ligeiramente maiores do que o molde pelo que se pode serrar logo no risco, sem ser necessário deixar margem para limar.

Quando consegui as duas peças iguais, arredondei os cantos com a lima e depois encurvei-as na embutideira. Foi preciso recozer as peças porque o metal endurece ao martelar. Recozer quer dizer aquecer o metal até este ficar mole novamente.

Depois de branquear (colocar a peça em ácido) e catrabuchar (esfregar com uma escova de latão chamada catrabucha), enrolei as pontas para formar a mola, furei o centro do circulo com uma broca de 1 mm e passei com a serra por dentro para abrir o canal para o espigão.

Enrolar as pontas

Na foto de cima vemos as molas já com o furo.

Foi altura de fazer o espigão. Como a superfàcie de contacto entre o espigão de 1 mm soldado perpendicularmente a uma chapa era muito pequena, criando assim uma soldadura vulnerável a quebras, tinha duas opções: ou furava a chapa de base e inseria o espigão ou soldava uma pequena argola à volta do espigão para dar estabilidade. Optei pela segunda solução.

Formei umas pequenas argolas com diâmetro interno de 1 mm (espessura do espigão) e soldei tudo à pequena peça que iria suspender o brinco. Soldei também uma pequena argola na ponta para suspender a peça principal do brinco.

Cortei o espigão para ficar com cerca de 11 mm de comprimento e, com a serra, criei um pequeno recorte à volta do espigão, a cerca de 2 mm da ponta. Este recorte serve para evitar que a mola caia para fora do espigão. Na verdade, uma mola bem feita deve fazer click quando encaixa neste recorte. Se não fizer, algo precisa de ser apertado.

O recorte pode ser feito com um alicate de corte, fazendo uma pequena pressão e rodando o espigão, mas é preciso cuidado para não apertar demais e cortar o espigão.

Soldar

Foi altura de soldar a peça principal. Amarrei as peças pequenas em cima da base com fio de ferro, cobri com tincal (làquido à base de borax, que impede a oxidação do metal e permite o fluir da solda), coloquei solda nas pontas (os únicos pontos de contacto) e aqueci a base, porque é a peça maior.

A solda escorre sempre para a zona que estiver mais quente e as peças pequenas aquecem mais depressa do que a grande, pelo que o calor tem de ser apontado para o componente maior ou dado por baixo. Para soldar peças pequeninas, o ideal é mesmo aquecer o carvão à volta da peça em vez de apontar a chama directamente para a chapa. Demora mais tempo mas compensa.

Uma das minhas peças aqueceu demasiado e as pequenas chapas curvas caàram e ficaram completamente soldadas à base. Precisei de começar tudo de novo porque não havia maneira de soltar a solda sem derreter a peça toda. Foi preciso cortar as três formas de novo. Felizmente lá acabei por conseguir soldar tudo àsegunda vez.

Olhando para trás, devia ter inserido uma mina de grafite por baixo das peças curvas, para as sustentar mas na altura não me ocorreu tal coisa.

Acabamento

Com a soldadura completa foi a vez do acabamento. A base teve um acabamento texturado, feito com uma fresa de diamante. As peças curvas tiveram um polimento para um acabamento espelhado. O problema maior é que é muito complicado polir o topo sem destruir a textura da base, uma vez que estão muito próximos. Na foto nota-se que há uma ou duas áreas da base que ficaram polidas e precisavam ainda de retocar a textura.

No final uni os componentes fazendo um elo de ligação com uma pequena conta de onix.

Yesterday I finished the earrings I’ve been making in my jewellery/goldsmith class. It’s the first piece I’ve made in school. The earrings look terribly simple but went through many stages that most people probably don’t even dream that are required to complete such an item. I decided to document the process.

English:

Project

The first obvious step is to make a project. I did several sketches until I found one I liked and that fulfilled the requirements for the exercise (learning to use the jeweller’s saw and files). A diamond shape with two swirls on top. My first idea was to simply cut the swirls out of the sheet metal and be done with it, but my teacher had other plans. That would have been way too easy.

I drew each shape on tracing paper and passed it onto the 0,5 mm sterling silver sheet with the help of some carbon paper between the metal and the tracing paper. Then I scratched the design with a regular sewing needle held in a pin vice, in case the carbon paper line got smudged while sawing.

Sawing

With all the shapes drawn, it was time to cut everything with a jeweller’s saw.

So far I had only used the saw for jumprings and to cut straight lines. It’s very different when you have to cut small shapes with lots of curves. A jeweller’s saw is very fine and can break easily if the wrong sort of pressure is applied, especially if you twist it. I broke quite a few until I got the hang of it. Basically, you need to saw in place when you want to turn the saw in another direction. The movement must be smooth.

To save time when cutting sharp corners, you can drill a hole just outside the drawn line to help the saw make the sharp turn. I didn’t do this because the point was to learn how to use the saw in any situation.

A tool that was most helpful while sawing was the wooden ring clamp. It’s a great tool to hold the metal, especially when working with small parts. You can also use parallel jaw pliers but it’s easier to let the metal slip and it requires constant pressure which makes my hands hurt after a while.

The bench pin is used to support the sheet metal while you saw, making it steady and allowing you to keep the correct posture at the bench, by placing the work at almost eye level.

Filing

After cutting I had to file the sharp edges. I started with a coarser flat file, to smooth out the shape and then moved on to needle files with a finer grain – round, half round and triangular. Other shapes are also available but these are the basics.

Sometimes it’s hard to see the lines on the metal while sawing, if the light is reflecting off the metal. That can make you go off course. I tried cutting on the outside of the lines, knowing I could file it down later, but if the cut line is too far off the mark, sometimes it’s easier to pick up the saw and cut a little closer.

Once the metal parts were filed and ready to shape, I rounded them up a bit in the doming cube (you hammer the dapping punches over the metal until it conforms to the curved shape of the doming “bowl” cut into the cube)

Making Earnuts

I still had to make the earnuts that keep the post earrings from falling off.

I drew the earnut design on 0,5 mm sterling silver sheet, which is basically a circle inside a long rectangle. The rectangle measures 52×3,5mm and the small circle in the middle has a diameter of 7mm. You can make it larger or smaller, depending on the scale of the earrings.

Sawing this item was a lot more work than I had anticipated. Geometric shapes – circles, squares, and so on – are really difficult to cut because the design needs to be very accurate. Any mistake and our eyes catch it immediately.

Since the earnut is something I will have to make more of in the future, I began by making a copper template to keep. I then used this template to draw the silver ones, by placing it over the silver sheet and scratching the design with the needle. You need to be aware that the copies will be a little larger than the template so I tried cutting over the line rather than outside of it this time, and I could still file it a little without making it too small.

When I managed to get both earnuts the same size and shape, I rounded the corners with a file and then placed them on the doming cube to curve them. I had to anneal the metal after doming because the hammering had hardened it. Annealing means to heat the metal until it turns soft again.

After pickling the earnut (placing the metal in acid to clean it) and scrubbing with a brass brush, I made a loop on each end with round nose pliers. The loops should nearly touch in the middle. I drilled a 1 mm hole in the center of the circle because I was going to use 1 mm wire (18 awg) to make the post. I inserted the saw into the hole to cut a small channel between the two loops, to guide the post when inserting.

It was time to make the post. Since there is little contact surface when soldering a 1mm wire, meaning the joint would be too fragile and break easily, I had two options: either drill the sheet metal to insert the post or make a small jumpring to go around the post and add stability. I opted for the second solution.

I made a couple of jumprings with 1mm inside diameter (the same size as the post) and a bit of 1 mm wire for the post. I filed the end of the wire flat and soldered the post and jumpring to the back of the earring. I used a third hand to stabilize the post while soldering. It also sucks up some of the heat so it makes it harder for the post to melt. I added another jumpring to the tip of the small diamond shape, to suspend the main part of the earring.

I cut the earring post to about 11 mm and used the saw to cut a small notch all the way around the post, at about 2 mm from the edge. This is a safety mechanism to prevent the earnut from falling off the post. In fact, a correctly made earnut will click when inserted into the post. If it doesn’t, something needs to be tightened.

The notch can also be made by lightly squeezing cutting pliers in the right spot and turning the post, but you should be careful not to squeeze too hard or you risk cutting the post.

Soldering

Time had come to solder the main part of the earrings. I tied the small swirls to the base plate with binding wire, added liquid flux (a liquid form of borax that prevents the metal from oxidizing and allows the solder to flow), placed a solder pallion on each corner (the only points of contact – the middle of the swirls was meant to be raised) and heated the sheet metal, which was the larger component.

Solder will always flow toward the hottest area and small components heat up faster than large ones, so the heat must be directed towards the largest component. Sometimes, in a case such as this, you must heat from below. Other times, when soldering very small components, you must avoid pointing the flame at the metal itself and instead heat the coal surface around it. The heat will travel to the metal at a slower pace and there’s less risk of melting it.

Since this was my first time working on a larger component than simple jump rings or wires, I overheated one of my pieces and the swirls lost their curvature, fell and the solder ran all around the shape. Oddly enough, it was on the second earring. The first one was perfectly fine.

I had to start over and cut the shapes again but fortunately on the second go all went according to plan.

In hindsight, I should have inserted a graphite stick (from a mechanical pencil) under each swirl to support the shape, but it didn’t occur to me at the time.

Finishing

When all the soldering was done it was time to finish the earrings. The large diamond shapes were textured with a diamond burr and the swirls were polished to a mirror shine. It’s not easy to polish one small component without touching the textured area, right next to it, so in the pictures you can see a couple of spots where the texture still needed to be retouched.

Once everything was polished, I connected the main shape to the small diamond shape with the post through a wrapped connector with a small onix bead.

– Improvised jeweller’s bench

– My jewellery classes have been going well. I’m making a pair of earrings. Sawing tight curves on silver sheet was challenging but I’m beginning to get the hang of it. The hardest part, so far, was making the earnuts for the post earrings. The earnut design is a deceptively easy piece to cut but it’s really tough to file it all straight and symmetrical.

Since I like to be able to continue my projects at home, I had to acquire a bench pin and improvise a jeweller’s bench. I normally work at a regular desk, which is too low for a bench pin. The pin should be at chest height so you don’t have to stoop over your work.

I looked at prices for second-hand benches but couldn’t find any that were either in good enough condition or within my budget. In the end I decided to adapt a piece of furniture I already had in my studio – a chest of drawers where I store materials. I removed the first drawer to make room for the bench pin, made a metal sheet cover for the counter top and only need to make a similar metal cover for the inside of the second drawer, where the shavings from sawing and filing will fall. It’s a bit small and I’ll still use my desk for certain tasks, but it works for now.

– Tools make me aggressive

– I began metalsmith jewellery classes yesterday, so today I had to go buy a few tools I was missing, and also some fine silver to learn how to make my own sterling.

I’ve worked with wire and other materials for quite a few years now, but I felt that I would benefit from learning more advanced techniques from a real jeweller, rather than trial and error that tends to waste a great deal of material. Your mistakes can become quite expensive when you’re dealing with precious metals, so it’s good to have some guidance.

As I was coming back with my little bag of tools, I started thinking this would be a really bad day to get mugged. I wasn’t carrying a lot of silver, as you can tell by the picture, but it was still expensive, damn it, and I was feeling a little uneasy. The funny thing is that, because I was also carrying a hammer, and I’ll grant you that it wasn’t a very big hammer but it can still cause some damage, my mind kept shifting from “please don’t look at me, I’m not even here” to “mess with me and I’ll smash your skull in.” I think it’s a good thing I had an uneventful trip back home. I’d hate to spend my next jewellery class in jail.

At the back of the picture you can also see some of the new resin pendants I’ve been making recently.

– Chaos necklace variation

– A while back I bought Eni Oken’s chaos necklace tutorial. I’ve always loved her jewelry and wanted to try some of her designs. I followed the instructions and made my turquoise version but I didn’t want to use the charms, something that is very much Eni’s signature element. I tried using spiral bezels on top and bottom of every stone but the result was not satisfactory. I liked the look of the necklace but the spirals moved around more than they should and didn’t stop the stones from turning.

It bugged me for a long time until one day I just took the necklace apart and remade it with a few changes. I used “S” spirals connecting the top and bottom frame at the front of the stone instead of two separate pieces and I attached the second half of the frame further up so that it doesn’t need the last pass with the decorative beads to keep it steady.

In the end I decided not to add the beaded frame because it makes the necklace a bit over the top. If I leave it simpler it goes from a party piece to something you can wear on more informal occasions and I like that. Besides, I can always add beads later if I want to.

Anéis de prata – Silver rings

Tenho andado a trabalhar em anéis de prata. O primeiro foi feito a partir de fio meio redondo grosso de Argentium. Este tipo de fio é muito usado para fazer a base dos anéis mas resolvi esmagar e arredondar as pontas para lhe dar um aspecto diferente. Um anel feito com fio meio redondo é plano no interior e redondo por fora. Também podia ter usado fio redondo martelado mas nesse cado ambos os lados – interior e exterior – teriam ficado planos.

I’ve been working on silver rings. The first one was made with thick D wire, standard for rings, but with the ends hammered and filed round. I used D wire instead of round because this way I can have the inside of the ring flat while the outside stays rounded. I could also hammer round wire to make it flat (like in the next ring) but then the outside would also be flattened.

O anel seguinte foi feito da mesma forma mas com fio redondo. Martelei-o no centro para espalmar e depois martelei também as pontas mas a um ângulo de 90 graus em relação ao centro. O fio era mais longo para permitir que as pontas se cruzem no topo o que criou uma espécie de “orelhas de coelho”. Uma variação a este tema seria criar um nó no topo – algo que também planeio experimentar. A desvantagem é que com um nó o anel deixa de ser ajustável por isso este modelo é mais versátil, especialmente quando não é feito para uma pessoa especàfica.

This following ring was made much in the same way but using round wire. I hammered it in the center to make it flat and then hammered the end at a 90 degree angle and filed the ends round. This wire was longer to allow the ends to overlap creating the ‘bunny ears’. A variation on this theme would be tying a knot at the top – something I’m planning on trying as well. The downside is that with a knot the ring is no longer adjustable, so this model is more versatile, especially when you don’t make it for yourself.

O anel abaixo foi feito para o meu marido. Começou por ter uma banda larga e aberta porque eu não sabia o tamanho dele e queria que fosse surpresa, logo tinha de ser ajustável. Ele queixou-se que o anel era largo demais e por isso alterei-o, ajustando o tamanho, soldando atrás e afunilando o anel de forma a ser mais fino atrás do que à frente. A textura foi feita com um martelo, chave de fenda e um esfregão verde. Carimbei as letras e oxidei com fàgado de enxofre. As letras não ficaram tão escuras como eu queria por isso pintei o fundo com um marcador permanente para acentuar.
No final passei com um esfregão de palha de aço fininho para retirar a patina do topo mas deixando-a nas zonas mais profundas, acentuando a textura.
Acho que a textura dá ao anel um ar masculino e gostei do resultado.

This ring below I made for my husband using silver sheet. After cutting the sheet I filed the ends round and then textured the surface using a hammer, screw-driver and a greed scrubbing pad. I stamped the letters and then I oxidised it with liver of sulfur. The letters didn’t come up as dark as I wanted (probably because I keep the punches oiled to prevent them from rusting) so I used a permanent marker to darken the grooves.
After shaping the ring I polished it with steel wool, leaving the dents dark to accentuate the texture.
The texture and width give the ring a masculine feel and I was pleased with the result.

O anel final foi uma variação da primeira versão do anterior. Usei a mesma base larga ajustável com cantos arredondados mas fiz uma textura mais subtil e não oxidei. Na frente do anel soldei uns fios com bola na ponta para servirem de âncora Dobrei esses fios de forma a formar pequenos arcos. Depois de branquear e limpar o anel prendi lascas de ametistas às “âncoras” com fio de 0,3 mm até cobrir toda a área, criando uma camada decorativa de lascas de ametista. No final poli o anel com rouge e a minha dremel. Devia ter polido antes de prender as pedras mas não tinha um projecto e fui improvisando por isso alguns dos passos ficaram fora de ordem. Da próxima vez sai melhor. Por exemplo, teria sido mais fácil soldar ambas as pontas dos fios à base, criando logo arcos mas só pensei nisso quando já ia a meio. Um bocado idiota, eu sei.

For the final ring I just expanded on the previous. I used the same silver sheet base with rounded corners but made a more subtle texture and didn’t oxidise. Then I soldered some wire ends with a ball tip along the front of the ring. After pickling and cleaning it, I weaved thin silver wire with amethyst chips around the wire ends, using them as supports. When the front was covered I bent the wire tips into an arch so that the ball ends were touching the base of the ring and then polished it with jeweller’s rouge and a Dremel. I should probably do the polish and even bending the tips before attaching the beads, but I was improvising a bit so the order of steps didn’t come out quite as perfect as it should be, but the end result is quite striking and next time I’ll find an easier way to do it – for example: it would have saved time to solder a single wire across the base instead of two tips but I didn’t think of that until I was halfway through. Silly, hum?

– Cleaning with Pickle

– I bought a pickle pot and safety pickle over a year ago, when I started experimenting with my torch. At first I didn’t bother because I didn’t solder much or make that many head pins and I could cleans them quickly enough with steel wool or using a silver bath cleaning fluid that is also acid but not as strong as safety pickle.

As i got more interested in working with the torch I finally decided to get the pickle pot, but then I got pregnant and didn’t want to risk using chemicals anywhere near my baby, before or after birth, so it’s been sitting there for ages.

I’ve since moved and set up my studio in a room with a lock on the door, the baby is now in daycare and I have to make some earrings for a friend’s wedding. After making some head pins I finally had the chance to try out the pickle pot. Since I was only cleaning about 26 head pins and made the pickle for the first time I barely even to plug in the unit because the mix is supposed to be done with warm water and it cleans fast enough that it didn’t have time to cool.

I was pleased with the result. Some of the balls have tiny pits that are still dark and I will have to use some steel wool and possibly a file to get rid of the remaining black but on the whole the pins came out clean and shiny, not as white or discolored as they did when I used the silver bath cleaning fluid in the past, and it’s certainly much faster than cleaning the whole batch of pins with steel wool.

I’m storing the pickle in a glass jar for future use. I could probably leave it in the pot but I’m afraid it’ll corrode the plastic and since I don’t use it very often it would be a waste to ruin it before it’s even worth what I paid for it.

I had a bit of a problem fishing the pins out because the liquid isn’t entirely clear and I couldn’t see where they were. The brass tweezers I bought to use with this are not long enough if the pot is full and fishing around for tiny pins with tweezers is more trouble than it’s worth. I finally opted for emptying out the pot and only then removing the pins. I’ll have to work out a more practical solution for when I just want to see if they’re clean enough.

Noções básicas sobre metais – Basic notions about metals

Os metais preciosos, como o ouro e a prata, em estado puro são demasiado moles para fazer jóias porque deformam facilmente. Para tornar estes metais mais resistentes é necessário ligá-los com outros metais.

Prata

A prata é tipicamente ligada com cobre. A prata de lei tem então 925 milésimas de prata fina e 75 milésimas de cobre. O cobre na liga de prata é responsável pela oxidação da prata. Se quiser ler mais sobre oxidação e patina, procure a secção sobre cobre mais abaixo nesta página.

Recentemente apareceram ligas de prata que substituem algum do cobre por outro metal, como é o caso da liga Argentium. Nesta liga, a percentagem de prata é de 935 milésimas mas parte do cobre é substituà­do por germanium. A vantagem desta liga é que reduz drasticamente o escurecimento da prata, que é causado pela presença do cobre. Uma das desvantagens desta liga é que é muito quebradiça quando é aquecida e parte se for aplicada força quando está quente. É preciso deixar arrefecer ao ar em vez de mergulhar em água, como se faz com a liga de prata com cobre.

Também existem outras ligas de prata comuns, como a prata 835, que tem 835 milésimas de prata para 165 milésimas de cobre. Esta liga oxida mais rapidamente mas é usada, por exemplo, para fazer peças com o efeito revenido (técnica em que o topo do metal começa a derreter formando uma superfà­cie rugosa com padrões interessantes).

A pureza da prata numa liga não é detectável a olho nu e é por isso que a prata comercializada nas ourivesarias e joalharias é marcada pelas contrastarias, para informar o consumidor sobre a pureza do metal da peça que está a comprar.

Ouro

As ligas de ouro podem conter mais do que um metal. O ouro é normalmente ligado com cobre e prata. 100gr da liga de ouro amarelo comum com toque de 19.2 quilates contém 80gr de ouro fino para uma liga de 10gr de cobre e 10gr de prata fina.

Para fazer ouro branco, utilizam-se metais como nà­quel e paládio. Devido ao grande número de pessoas com alergia ao nà­quel a liga com paládio é preferà­vel. Quando a liga é feita com nà­quel, é comum dar-se um banho de ródio à  peça, não só para servir como barreira entre o nà­quel e a pele mas também porque mesmo ligado com estes metais o ouro não fica completamente branco, especialmente quando tem uma percentagem mais alta de ouro fino. A desvantagem é que, com o uso, o banho de ródio vai-se gastando e ao fim de algum tempo é preciso reaplicar.

O ouro branco é mais rijo e quebradiço do que as outras ligas e por isso mais difà­cil de trabalhar. Tem tendência para rachar quando não é devidamente recozido. A foto abaixo demonstra o que acontece ao ouro branco ao ser laminado, quando não é devidamente recozido:

Ao contrário das outras ligas, o ouro branco com nà­quel deve ser arrefecido ao ar e não mergulhado em água. Para além de ser mais difà­cil de trabalhar o ouro branco, como o paládio é também um metal precioso caro, uma peça de ouro branco sai mais cara do que a mesma peça em ouro amarelo.

A percentagem de cada metal nas ligas de ouro é responsável pelo vasto leque de tonalidades que o ouro pode ter – verde, amarelo, vermelho, rosa, branco. Por exemplo, 100gr de liga de ouro vermelho com toque de 19.2 quilates contém normalmente 80gr de ouro fino, 16gr de cobre e 4gr de prata fina. No entanto, se queremos que o tom vermelho seja mais visà­vel podemos eliminar a prata e ligar o ouro fino com 20gr de cobre. Desde que a percentagem de ouro para a percentagem de liga se mantenha, continua a ser ouro de 19,2k e podemos jogar com as quantidades dos metais da liga para mudar o tom.

Pela mesma lógica, o ouro verde é ligado apenas com prata, ficando com um tom mais frio.

Na foto abaixo podemos ver a diferença de cor entre um lingote de ouro rosa e outro de ouro branco

Ao ouro puro ou fino (de 999 milésimas) chama-se ouro de 24 quilates.
A liga com maior quantidade de ouro é a de 22 quilates, com 916 milésimas de ouro fino e 8,4% de liga.
Existem também ligas de:
– 19,2 quilates, com 800 milésimas de ouro fino (ouro Português) e 20% de liga,
– 18 quilates, com 750 milésimas de ouro fino e 25% de liga,
– 14 quilates, com 585 milésimas de ouro fino e 41,7% de liga,
– 9 quilates, com 375 milésimas de ouro fino e 62,5% de liga.

Endurecimento do metal

Ao trabalhar estes metais – martelar, dobrar, torcer – notamos que vão ficando mais duros e difà­ceis de moldar. Isso deve-se ao facto de estarmos a deformar a estrutura molecular cristalina do metal. à€ medida que o metal endurece, perde a elasticidade e torna-se mais fácil de partir. Este processo é muito fácil de confirmar: se dobrarmos e desdobrarmos um pedaço de arame no mesmo sí­tio diversas vezes, este acaba por partir.

Para evitar quebrar uma peça que está a ser forjada e para que o metal se mantenha maleável enquanto se trabalha é necessário proceder ao recozimento ocasional. O recozimento consiste em aquecer o metal a temperaturas entre 600ºC e 700ºC (dependendo da liga) e arrefecê-lo rapidamente, mergulhando-o em água fria. Este processo realinha a estrutura molecular do metal que pode então continuar a ser trabalhado. Este é um processo que requer um certo treino para saber quando parar antes de começar a derreter o metal.

Geralmente a dica visual é a seguinte: quando o metal fica preto, excepto no sí­tio onde a chama o atinge em que está na sua cor normal, chegou à  temperatura certa e é altura de parar e mergulhar o metal em água fria. Se começar a ficar vermelho já está quente demais e vai começar a derreter. Outra forma simples de saber quando o metal está recozido é riscar a superfà­cie com canetas de acetato. Quando a tinta desaparece, está na temperatura certa.

O endurecimento do metal é porém uma vantagem quando falamos de peças que tenham de suportar tensão, tal como fechos, anzóis de brincos, alfinetes de pregadeiras, etc. Para endurecer o metal de forma a evitar que ele deforme com o uso, podemos martelar a peça com um martelo de madeira, cabedal ou nylon ou torcer, no caso de fio. Nos brincos, torcer também ajuda a verificar se o espigão ficou bem soldado.

Opcionalmente, se formos fazer apenas uma peça de wire-wrapping que não requer soldadura, podemos sempre comprar fio de ouro ou prata com a dureza que necessitamos para a nossa peça. Existem no mercado muitas lojas que especificam qual a dureza do fio que vendem. Quando não é especificado, geralmente trata-se de fio meio-duro, que é o mais comum.

É de notar que a grossura do arame também influencia a sua dureza e facilidade de trabalhar. Quanto mais grosso for o arame mais resistência terá e mais difà­cil será de trabalhar.

Para além disso, os próprios metais têm durezas diferentes. O alumà­nio é muito mole, deforma facilmente e só pode ser soldado com ferro de soldar e não com maçarico. O aço é muito duro e o metal mais difà­cil de trabalhar. Todos os outros mencionados neste artigo encontram-se algures entre estes dois.

Cobre

O cobre não é considerado um metal precioso mas, para além de fazer parte das ligas de ouro e prata, é muitas vezes utilizado por si só em conjunto com os outros dois metais para dar cor a uma peça. A cor de cobre é muito bonita e este metal é utilizado só por si há imenso tempo em adornos pessoais.

Há quem prefira a cor brilhante do cobre novo e há quem prefira o cobre mais escuro, depois de algum tempo de oxidação. Esta oxidação acontece naturalmente e com alguma rapidez, através do contacto do metal com o oxigénio do ar. Se quiser ver como fica a peça oxidada, deixe-a ao ar durante uns dias.

Depois de oxidada, a peça pode ser limpa novamente, se quisermos que retome o brilho original. Para tal basta usar um produto de limpeza para jóias ou até simples ketchup. Pessoalmente gosto da mistura entre o tom oxidado e o tom original. Para isso costumo oxidar as peças e depois polir apenas os pontos altos, o que realça a textura das peças.

Também se pode escurecer a peça utilizando produtos quà­micos (patina) mas estes processos necessitam de alguns cuidados para segurança por parte do utilizador e de um ambiente bem arejado.

Uma alternativa mais natural para oxidar o cobre e a prata é o seguinte: cozer um ovo, cortá-lo em 4 partes ainda quente e fechá-lo, junto com a peça a oxidar, numa caixa ou saco de plástico durante umas horas. O vapor quente libertado pelo ovo oxida o metal.

Para manter a cor do cobre, seja o seu brilho natural ou a oxidação no estado que pretendemos, é necessário aplicar verniz ao metal. O verniz serve também para proteger o metal da humidade da pele.

O cobre não se dá bem com humidade, oxidando facilmente e criando uma pelà­cula esverdeada que passa para a pele quando suamos e estamos a usar uma peça de cobre. Para evitar esta situação as peças de cobre podem ser terminadas com verniz para selar o metal. A altura para colocar o verniz depende do gosto de cada um relativamente ao nà­vel de oxidação do cobre.

Dar ao cobre uma cor verde também pode ser feito propositadamente, com uma mistura de quà­micos como lixà­via, vinagre, sal ou amonà­aco. Há receitas online para quem quiser experimentar. Mais uma vez, a segurança é essencial quando se trabalha com estes quà­micos.

O verniz deve ser misturado com diluente para ficar bastante là­quido. De outra forma arriscamo-nos a ficar com gotas suspensas do metal e uma camada demasiado espessa de verniz em zonas texturadas. Também se pode aplicar verniz em spray, que permite camadas mais finas e maior controlo na aplicação. Pode ser necessário reaplicar o verniz ao fim de algum tempo se a peça for usada com muita frequência.

Quando é recozido, o cobre torna-se muito mole e maleável. Quando é trabalhado endurece e fica mais resistente do que a prata ou o ouro, razão pela qual é usado para estas ligas.

Cobre pode ser soldado com solda de prata. A desvantagem é que fica uma linha prateada no sí­tio da soldadura. Um banho de cobre é utilizado muitas vezes para disfarçar esta linha. A patina também ajuda a disfarçar a diferença de cor.

Também existe solda de cobre de canalização mas não corre tão bem como a solda de prata e também não é completamente da mesma cor do cobre. A solda de canalização é uma mistura de cobre com fósforo ou prata. Não recomendo o seu uso para jóias.

Latão

O latão é uma liga metálica de tom amarelo, formada por cobre e zinco. O zinco funde a uma temperatura mais baixa do que os restantes metais aqui mencionados e é utilizado também na solda de prata, por exemplo.

A cor amarela do latão é mais fria do que a do ouro mas, tal como o ouro, é possível criar tons diferentes de latão ao mudar a quantidade de cada metal na liga.
Quando oxida, o latão fica com um tom acastanhado mas quando é polido fica com um tom muito bonito e que combina bem com o cobre ou a prata.

É um metal mais rijo do que o cobre, mesmo quando recozido. Pode ser soldado e trabalhado da mesma forma que os outros metais acima referidos. A solda de prata também pode ser usada com latão. – Precious metals, like gold and silver, are too soft in their pure form to keep their shape when used to make jewellery. In order to make them sturdier they must be alloyed with other metals.

Silver

Silver is usually alloyed with copper. Sterling silver is 925 parts silver to 75 parts copper. Copper is responsible for the oxidation of the silver alloy. If you want to read more about oxidizing and patina, go to the section on copper, further down on this page.

Recently some new alloys have become available, like Argentium, where some of the copper has been replaced with a different metal, in this case germanium. Argentium silver actually has a higher percentage of pure silver than sterling ““ 93,5% instead of sterling’s 92,5%. The advantage of germanium as an alloy metal is that Argentium doesn’t oxidise as quickly. The downside is that it’s very brittle when heated and will break if any pressure is applied while it’s hot. Argentium must be allowed to air cool rather than quenching in water while it’s still hot, like sterling.

There are other silver alloys such as reticulation silver which is 835 parts silver to 165 parts copper. Reticulation is a technique used to add texture to the metal by heating it repeatedly to the point where the surface of the metal starts to melt. It can produce very interesting designs with patience and practice.

It’s not possible to detect the amount of silver or gold in an alloy just by looking at it, which is why many countries demand that jewellery be hallmarked before being sold in stores. This is done to protect the buyer by giving a guarantee that the precious metal purity is as stated.

Gold

Gold alloys can be made up of more that two metals. Gold is usually alloyed with copper and silver. 100 grams of 19.2k yellow gold contais 80grams of fine gold mixed with 10 grams of fine silver and 10 grams of copper.

To make white gold the alloy includes either nickel or palladium. Due to the large amount of people who are allergic to nickel, a palladium alloy if preferred. Rhodium plating is commonly used on white gold jewellery. It served as a barrier between the skin and the nickel and also makes the metal whiter since white gold is never truly white, especially the high carat alloys. The downside is that, like any plating, it will wear off in time and new plating will be required.

White gold is harder and more brittle that the other gold alloys and harder to work with. It has a tendency to crack when it ‘s not annealed properly. The picture below shows what happens to white gold when it’s not properly annealed:

Unlike other gold alloys, nickel white gold must be allowed to air cool instead of quenched in cold water. Aside from being harder to work with white gold, since palladium is also an expensive precious metal, white gold jewellery is more expensive than yellow gold jewellery

The amount of each metal in the alloy is responsible for the wide range of different tones gold jewellery can have ““ green, yellow, red, rose, white. For example, 100 gr of 19,2k red gold alloy normally contains 80 gr of fine gold to 16gr of copper and 4 gr of fine silver. If we want the red tone stronger we can remove the silver and alloy the gold with 20gr of copper. So long as the percentage of gold to alloy remains the same it’s still 19,2k gold. We’re just using the alloy to change the color.

The same logic applies to green gold. By removing the copper in the alloy and using only silver, the color gets colder.

In the picture below you can see the difference in tone between rose gold and white gold ingots.

Pure gold, also called fine gold or 999 (999 parts out of 1000) is 24 carats,

The alloy with the greatest amount of gold is 22k, with 916 parts (91,6%) of fine gold to 84 parts (8,4%) of alloy metals.

There are several other gold alloys with different amounts of gold. The most common are:
– 19,2k with 80% fine gold to 20% alloy,
– 18k, with 75% fine gold to 25% alloy,
– 14k, with 58,5% fine gold to 41,7% alloy,
– 9k, with 37,5% fine gold to 62,5% alloy.

Work hardening

When working these metals ““ by hammering, bending, twisting ““ they become harder and more difficult to shape. This is called work hardening and is caused by deforming the crystaline molecular structure of the metal. As the metal hardens it looses elasticity and becomes easier to break. This is a very easy process to test, by bending and unbending a piece of wire multiple times in the same spot until it breaks.

To prevent breaking a piece of metal that is being worked on and so that the metal continues to be pliable, it’s occasionally necessary to anneal it. Annealing is when we heat the metal to a temperature between 600ºC e 700ºC (depending on the alloy) and then cool it quickly by quenching in cold water (except for the alloys mentioned above). This process realigns the metal’s molecular structure and it can be worked again. The annealing process requires some practice to prevent overheating that could melt the metal. A simple visual queue is when the metal turns black except for the part when the flame is hit it it, then it’s usually annealed. If it gets red (in a room with good light), it’s getting too hot. Another simple trick is to write a line on the metal with a sharpie pen. As you heat it, when the line disappears it’s gotten close to the right annealing temperature.

Work hardening can be an advantage when a component needs to withstand a certain amount of tension, such as clasps, ear wires and brooch pins. To harden the metal without deforming it you can hammer it with a rawhide, nylon or wood hammer. To harden the post on an earring you can just twist it back and forth a few times. The twisting also helps to check if it was soldered properly.

As an option, especially for wire wrapping, when no soldering is required, we can also buy wire with the necessary hardness. Many stores state the hardness of the wire ““ soft, half hard or hard. When it’s not stated, half hard is the most common.

The thickness of the wire also influences how difficult is is to bend. The thicker the wire, the more resistance you’ll encounter.

Different metals also have very different hardnesses. Aluminium is very soft, deforms easily and can only be soldered with a soldering iron, not with a torch. Steel is very hard and difficult to shape. The others mentioned in this post fall in between.

Copper

Copper is a base metal but it’s part of the composition of many precious metal alloys. In modern jewellery, copper is also used for it’s colour in mixed metal pieces, alongside precious metals. The warm red colour of copper has long been appreciated and used in jewellery for millennia.

Some enjoy the shiny reddish tone of copper while others prefer the dark, oxidized tone. Copper oxidizes easily when exposed to oxygen. All it takes is leaving out in the open for a few days and the colour will darken. It can be brought to it’s original shiny colour easily, by polishing it with either jewellery polish or even plain ketchup. Personally, I like the mix between oxidized and the original copper tone so I tend to oxidize my pieces and then polish the highlights to bring out the texture.

Aside from natural oxidation, copper and silver can be darkened chemically with patina. There are many different chemicals that can be applied to copper to create different colours. The most common chemical used to darken both copper and silver is Liver of Sulphur (potassium sulfide) ““ known as “LOS” for short.

When using this and other chemicals, safety measures should be taken, such as gloves and good ventilation, because the chemicals emit toxic fumes that shouldn’t be breathed in. A chemical respirator is also a good idea and even an apron to prevent splashes from staining your clothes.

The copper or silver should also be clean and grease free because any dirt or grease (even the natural oils from our skin) can prevent the metal from oxidizing evenly.

A more natural, although messier, alternative to LOS is simple boiling an egg and, while it’s still hot, cut it into bits and place it inside a plastic box or zip-lock bag along with the jewellery you wish to oxidize. The fumes from the hot egg have the same effect as the LOS, although it’s a slower process. The egg doesn’t need to be in contact with the jewellery. It’s the fumes inside the closed container that do the job.

To maintain the shiny colour of copper or even the oxidized effect, it’s necessary to seal the metal with wax or varnish. Varnish also protects copper from humidity and prevents the chemical reaction with the skin that makes some people’s skin turn green.

Turning the copper green can also be done on purpose with other patina chemicals such as bleach, vinegar, salt or ammonia. There are recipes online for anyone who wishes to try. Again, safety measures are important when using these chemicals.

The easiest way to apply varnish to metal is as a spray, in thin layers. It can also be applied in liquid form, with a paintbrush or by dipping, but there’s a higher tendency to create drips that have to be sanded off. The varnish must also be thinned to a very liquid consistency for this method, so it doesn’t accumulate in crevices.

The varnish coating can wear off after some time and may need to be reapplied.

When annealed, copper becomes very soft and malleable. When work hardened it becomes harder than silver or gold, which is why it’s used in those alloys.

It can be soldered with silver solder. The downside is that you get a silver line at the join. Copper plating is used often to hide this solder line. Patina also disguises the difference in colour.

There’s also plumbers copper solder but it doesn’t flow as well as silver solder and it’s also not a perfect match for the copper colour. Plumber’s copper solder is a mix of copper and phosphorus or silver. I do not recommend it for jewellery.

Brass

Brass is a metal alloy with a yellow colour made from copper and zinc. Zinc melts at lower temperatures than the other metals mentioned on this page is also used in silver solder, for example.

The yellow tone in brass is colder than gold but just like gold alloys, you can make different tones of brass by varying the quantities of each metal in the alloy.

When brass oxidizes it turns brown but when it’s polished it has a very attractive golden yellow color that goes well with copper or silver.

Brass is harder than copper, even after annealing. It can be soldered and forged the same way as copper, silver or gold. Silver solder can also be used with brass.

– Wire wrapped rings

– Still in wire-wrapping mode. I’ve been making rings now. I usually try to make adjustable rings whenever I can but this time I went for a closed ring band because i wanted to try wrapping it in half-round wire. It makes all the difference because apart from giving the ring a more finished look it also makes it so comfortable to wear – square wire is quite beautiful and it allows you to do wonderful things but the edges can be a little prickly when you first slip the ring onto your finger.

At first I wanted to use some 4mm saphires at the front of the ring but the holes were two small to accomodate the half-round wire so I went for this long apatite bead instead.

I made a second ring using a very classical design to hold a cabochon. I’ve used a wire net in the past but I wanted a cleaner look this time.

This model works perfectly for what I wanted but the measurements still needs some work. This design uses square wire instead of half-round to wrap the sides because it make it stronger but it’s much harder to keep the wraps perfectly aligned and close together.

Also, the wraps should have been further apart to give the stone a little more room to breathe. As is is, the side wires work as a frame and give the stone extra support and protection – it really won’t budge and it’s not so easy to hit the stone if you brush your hand against something – but it also cover part of the oval shape.

The curving of the wires took some work. When working with silver I have a little extra room to make mistakes because I know I can fix them – tool marks can be filed away and so I can make tiny adjustments that would be impossible with silver plated wire.

These rings have a very classic look to them that won’t appeal to everyone but I like them because they look luxurious despite being made with just a bit of wire and some pliers. It takes a lot of practice to get it right but when you do you achieve a piece of jewellery that is both beautiful and sturdy, capable of lasting a lifetime – or more.

– Wire wrapped turquoise bracelet

– I’ve spent some weeks making a new line of my less expensive glass and silver plated wire jewellery for the stores that carry my stuff, but then I received an order of really yummy natural stones and so I couldn’t resist making a few sterling silver pieces as well.

Yesterday I finished a wire-wrapped bracelet with some chinese turquoise beads that I like a lot. I feel that I should have twisted a couple more wires but on the whole am pleased with the result.

– Peridot hoop earrings

– I love hoop earrings. They are not always in style but I don’t really care – I make them anyway and wait until they come back into fashion 🙂

I finally gathered the right combination of beads, in the right shades of blue, green and gold, to make the hoop earrings I’ve been planning for a while. I should have made them sooner, since the colours are more spring than autumn, but, like I said, I didn’t get the right beads until now. The peridot ovals are like leafs hanging from a branch and all the other beads (peridot, apatite and tourmaline) are wrapped as if by a vine around the hoop.

The best thing about the earrings is that they are incredibly light, since weight is sometimes a problem with hoop earrings and can make them uncomfortable to wear. These are light because the beads are small and the hoops are made from a relatively thin wire (hammered to keep its shape, obviously).

– New chain maille pieces

– I continue to try out different designs in chain maille. I’ve made some more byzantine chain bracelets, incorporating beads into the design, like the one pictured, and a pouch in european 4-1 that was great fun to make. It’s like making a glove finger except that you close it on the other side instead of doing the whole glove.

There’s a lot more I want to try but I’m running out of silver wire in the right gauge. Must buy more soon…

– Viking knit

– When it comes to making jewelry I tend to like classic and elegant designs and seem to be very attracted to ancient techniques. From Celtic knots to Egyptian coils, chain maille or viking knit, designs and techniques that have been around for ages and are still just as beautiful as when they were invented, these are the kind of things that fascinate me the most.

I find it interesting to make something pretty much the same way it was made before electricity was ever invented and eventually finding new variations for the same ancient designs.

I had tried spool knitting some time ago and I liked the result but I didn’t like working with the spool at all. Viking knit is not the same as spool knit even though it created the same kind of wire sleeve but the result is tidier and it doesn’t require any specific tools. All you need is wire and a mandrel that can be anything from a pencil to an allen wrench.

Viking knit also allows the incorporation of small beads into the weave, something that I always find positive because I like a bit of color in my jewelry.

The hardest thing to figure out with viking knit is the length you need because since you pull it through a draw-plate at the end, it stretches a bit so it’s easy to make it too long. But since you can always cut the excess, the only problem with that is some wasted wire (that you can probably use to start a new piece if you leave a longer tail at the end, so that’s OK too.

It does take a lot of time to make a bracelet or necklace in viking knit but I think it’s beautiful enough to be worth it.